Some of this is by memory, so hopefully I will answer correctly your questions:

Block time at a few minutes, but have seen it take a little longer when transferring lately.

I believe 6 confirmations before it confirms in the wallet (to lazy to open it up to double-check at the moment).

Block reward has been halved down currently to 12.5 AUR. (not sure of the ultimate halving schedule timing though)

Total coins to be mined 21,000,000.

10,500,000 were premined, leaving the balance to be mined.

The block explorer showing the 12,136,949 doesn't take into account the burned coins (5344628.347) left over from the distribution.

So there should be a total of about 6,793,000 in circulation at this time, with another 8,863,000 approximately to mine according to my calculations.

Somebody please chime in and correct me if I am in error.