In general nodes should not implement this type of restriction as it has the potential to affect the integrity of the network.

However an individual node could implement this custom version of bitcoind, so that the node can still make a contribution to the network although it might not be 100% contribution all the time.

An easier method is to have a script that shuts down your bitcoind "bitcoin-cli stop", once your specified bandwidth runs out. This way you can run a standard node without any degradation of service right up to the point where you simply turn it off.