When you say "form data" are you talking about the content of posts and PMs? I use Chrome and I've never had a problem with losing content if I hit the back button.
Yeah. Form data is lost with Firefox and IE when you hit the back button. I think this is the default behavior with HTTPS sites.
Not on my Firefox. I still have the form data when I hit the back button.

A good way to bypass it is to press F5, as it resubmits the data again without the need to go back.
Maybe a note on the error page saying to wait x seconds, press F5 and say yes when it asks if one wishes to submit the data again will do?