I moved sidehack's reply to this thread, because the original thread is going on back-burner.
Novak chose an LPC11u23 ARM, which is USB-capable and has a variety of ports and ADCs. It's in the same family as the ARM on the Avalon Nano and Ava6 control board (which I believe is LPC11u14? Going from memory on all these part numbers). I've worked with 8051 programmed from Windows, but not ARM programmed from Linux. He had a Linux toolchain set up, and before he left I believe he shifted it over to one of the general shop machines rather than his own box. I figure on utilizing the USB bootloader supported by the chip, so I can write code to it without requiring extra hardware - that also makes firmware updates in the future more possible.
So, I reckon if someone is pretty good with ARM, and maybe also c for some cgminer drivers, and has time to work on it in the next couple weeks, let me know.
I would guess that Avalon designers had chosen LPC11U14 because of the popularity of Embedded Artists' cheap LPCXpresso development kits.
http://www.embeddedartists.com/products/lpcxpressoThey are about EUR20 in Europe, about USD18 in the United States.
LPC11U14 is now obsolete, replaced by LPC11U24, which is also soon getting obsoleted. They have a cute break-away debugging sub-circuit. It can be used to debug the included micro-controller or after breaking of can be used to debug an external board with similar compatible NXP micro-controller.

It is also supported by the free version of the LPCXpresso toolchain, no need to pay $500 for the full version. I took a quick look at the Avalon's firmware source posted on Github. They seem to be using Keil's toolchain which is very expensive. Edit: about USD5000, depending on the license details. Edit2: although Keil recently started supplying some free/subset version of their toolchain for very small chips, which I think this one will qualify.
It is going to be a tight on this MCU: 50MHz max clock, 24-32kB FLASH, 2kB RAM, 1 UART, 1 I2C, 2 SPI.