I don't understand what you mean by censoring code. There is a virtual machine and the virtual machine instructions are all deterministic. There is no instruction that could produce a random value.
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No, because you can't check time either, so you can't write that program!
Hmmm...
a) That sounds extremely crippled
I guess that is debatable. It isn't (marketing hype about "world computer" aside) intended to run all general programs. It is intended to run programs useful for smart contracts.
b) That sounds extremely broken if the result is ...forking (I'm not sure that it can keep things deterministic when there are tens if not hundreds of possible triggers for indirectly randomizing things).
Well it is risky, but there's a lot of effort behind making sure those triggers don't exist, multiple security reviews, etc. So far no one has found a way to do it, at least not in the wild.