Transaction confirmation time - TARGET_SPACING or TargetSpacing, GetNextWorkRequired
Block maturity time - coinbase depth
Difficulty retarget time - TARGET_TIMESPAN or TargetTimespan, GetNextWorkRequired
Difficulty algo - GetNextWorkRequired
Min stake age
Max stake age
Minting maturity
Block reward pow and pos - GetBlockValue

Some of these names are based on the older source code, some the newer code.

For POS items, I am not sure.  The best way to learn is to look and read and do "Find Usage" to see what is up with this or that variable in the code.