It's not so easy here to draw comparisons. First, you attached an image of some sort of graph. In practice unrelated to my idea. Of course, most interconnected structures can be pictured with graphs, Bitlattice as well. However not so regular.
As to neural net - most structures where nodes' output depends on some qualities of incoming multiple signals and retain a state are in a way neural networks. As in Bitlattice there will be a kind of synapses (tx vectors) with possible weighting it can work as NN. But it's not its primary feature. There will be also other means making the net potentially self equalizing. But this requires further research. Which is pending.
Anyway, I'll keep you updated as to what it will implement, as soon as I'm sure about details.
So, when Skynet will start all around here will be noticed first