So how do I make regular payments from my Bitcoin account? Eg standing debit orders. How do I pay my monthly rent? How do I receive my salary?
Using payment channels. There are 3rd party services for this already (and demonstrates to the receiving party how many months of the service for which you are sufficiently solvent to pay for at any given time). p2p payment channels can be made with bitcoinj or Lightning (currently WIP)
If my employer says to me, what is your Bitcoin bank account number, what do I tell him?
What is my Bitcoin account? At the moment there is nothing.
Either you give people who wish to pay you a BIP32 chain of addresses (represented by a deterministic code), or you could open a payment channel between you and your employer. The former is probably more appropriate for this use case.
Yes, third party services are a possibility, but they are not p2p decentralized.
A BIP32 chain of addresses... that sounds horrible. So I say to my employer, well I don't have a Bitcoin bank account number - the best I can do is to send you a long list of 32-bit or whatever BIP32 chain of addresses. Just don't mix them up, transpose any digits, or mislay them. And let me know when they run out so I can then send you some more!