Is a static IP address mandatory for operating my own masternode?
If so, can I run the masternode also in a Linux console wallet or do I have to rent a virtual server with Windows?
Generally your ip gives you a static ip address, you can check by looking up your ip in google, and see if it changes over time, if it doesnt then you have a static ip. open up the firewall port to the masternode port and you should be good.