how do the 24 number of randomly generated words match against the 256bit private key?
Read through
this thread.
And where is a list of private keys and the amounts in those wallets are stored for if you want to recover your wallet?
If such a thing existed, anyone could steal your coins at any time. In order to find your private key, an attacker would have to search through the
extremely high amount of possible 256-bit numbers to find your randomised number, which with current technology can't be done.
You will have to keep the seed phrase safe. Preferably by writing it down on paper and storing it in a secure location.