If you send a transaction with a script that restricts how it is spent then how do wallet balances handle this?

 If I am required to sign with the private key (which I have) but there is a requirement for some further information which the wallet has no way of knowing whether I have or not then will it show up as available to spend? Then later when I come to spend it I find out I can't if I don't have the information.
 Or will it not show up and I won't know I received it?

 Or am I not understanding something about how scripts work?

 Also I was looking for a good description of the mechanics of how wallets calculate and update the balances as I don't fully understand it. Is all the information from the database of UTXO's?