There will be tow problems in this setup the first one will be your laptop for you will open it 24/7 that is not optimal for such device and you will only shorten its lifespan or perhaps overheat it. The second problem is the bandwidth of the GPU using the GPU dock which limits its potential as the USB 3.1 or thunderbolt cannot keep up with the bandwidth of the GPU.
Whether or not the laptop heats up enough to cause damages depends on the specific unit. A recent laptop should have no problem running the necessary software to mine with 1 graphics card without placing much strain on the CPU.
Bus speed is generally not an important factor for the purposes of mining. (Note the negligible change, if any, in mining performance when swapping between PCIe x16 v3.0 and PCIe x1 via risers.)