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Obviously I know what wallet.dat is,
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does it contain all of "my stuff"? Like the names I've assigned to certain addresses and such?
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Yes.
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I'm also interested in the reverse situation. Say I want to set an acquaintance up with a ready to go bitcoin-qt install and save him the annoyance of waiting for it to sync. What's the minimum I can copy and save him a bunch of time. Are just the blk*.dat files enough? And conversely, is there anything other than wallet.dat that I should definitely not copy? Since (hypothetically) I don't know him that well, I would want to ensure no trace at all of my personal bitcoin activity is left behind.
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I'm not as confident in answering these questione, so I'll leave them for someone else to answer.
Wallet.dat is the only one that will enable people to take your coins.