No of course not. 
If that were the case then none of us would have a penny. It is impossible. Don't let anyone without a clue or a bitcoin tell you different. I'll prove it. Anyone want some bitcoin? Here is the public key, whoever gets it can have it.
https://blockchain.info/address/1Q1fDcqMBFYFi6Qd6JDnRnNsRLwHBKtqwq
I mean when you send some fraction to somebody else. It has to be some way because when you send a transaction, your public key is connected with the private key.If that were the case then none of us would have a penny. It is impossible. Don't let anyone without a clue or a bitcoin tell you different. I'll prove it. Anyone want some bitcoin? Here is the public key, whoever gets it can have it.
https://blockchain.info/address/1Q1fDcqMBFYFi6Qd6JDnRnNsRLwHBKtqwq
To spend money or sign a message you must have a private key. Each private key controls some number of public keys. As long as you use each public key only once it is very hard to determine an association between public keys and the private key that controls it. But a public key alone is useless in accessing anyone's bitcoin.