Some observations. My setup uses two drives, one with the OS and a lower speed one for general storage. I don't use time machine like the poster above, and there's nothing else non-standard about my software.

• only the blockchain stored on the internal SSD boot disk gets corrupted, a blockchain stored on the second SATA HDD is never corrupted
• corruption seems to happen most often after a system sleep (deep or not), though not always
• corruption can happen during the initial sync if it is stopped and then restarted
• corruption can happen with FileVault 2 turned on and off
• has happened less often since updating to 10.9 only twice so far instead of every few days, though it could just be chance

That's it really. No other behaviour is specific to corruptions for me. Sometimes they happen twice in a day, sometimes not for weeks.