What are the examples of those "Centralized Algorithms"?
AFAIK, mining algorithms are designed to decentralize the transaction processing and production of coins in the first place.

What do you mean by "Algorithms that sacrifice decentralization for scalability"?
Easier algos which are more scalable than others can be centralized? I believe, no.
Whenever those powerful adversaries come up with an ASIC that can outperform the masses, the battle of the hashes will still continue, the coin will still be decentralized.