The economies of scale argument also applies to GPU based mining.
I agree. This is why I don't think that ASIC resistant algos mediate the risk of centralization either.
Every product Bitmain ships is torn apart and analyzed by many people world wide. If such a deal was occurring we would know. I didnt say it was impossible, just that we dont see it happening and there are strong market reasons why it wouldnt.
The best way to mediate the risk of centralization is a properly functioning free market. That may be an illusion, but the entry of more hardware capable of mining (and not just mining - also powering large participating nodes!) from more manufacturers is the best way I can think of to prevent centralized control. In a perfect world every toaster would brown the bread with a few hundred watts of hashes.
The way I see it the next generation of GPUs is likely to represent a major shift in capabilities much larger than previous years, due to GDDR6 and other factors. This will force an upgrade-or-die world on all existing GPU miners over time. The best possible scenario is a variety of competitive upgrade paths that spread out hash power and PoW amongst multiple technologies and manufacturers.