The generic term is Secure Multiparty Computation (usually abbrevated as MPC). I've been thinking of doing all kinds of round-based games this way together with Bitcoin and optionally with anonymizing networks like I2P. All kinds of cools things could be done this way, including reputation tracking and setting up tournaments. If done right it could practically be cheat proof. (It would however be harder to verify that somebody with 1000 wins haven't been playing against his own 1000 fake accounts.)