If it was orphaned, why did I just get BTC from it??? Will they take that back?
You haven't got confirmed BTC from it. It will be deducted from the total as soon as it is flagged as Invalid.
Rather galling, considering that our result was timed first (by one second).
Both block Timestamp and Time received on Blockchain.info is one second earlier for us...
It's a bit strange that somebody can influence the validity of our block later... It looks like a "xx % attack" (not literally, of course, but it works that way, even when xx < 50 %). When somebody ignores a block and builds on a newer one, that is his one... With enough power, it can make some gain.