When I entered in the world of Bitcoin, the most difficult term I faced was mining. As far as I understood, it is basically a process through which blocks (that contains information about transactions) are verified. For that miners has to perform simple calculations Nodes (Computers) does that for miners. The one who performs it the first gets the reward .Thats how all the blocks got mined!
Correct me if I am wrong! And add for my further help
Dear friend! What is the main goal of your question? Do you want to understand the process and the basics? Or do you want to go deeper and start mining yourself?
Bitcoin has a digitally signed transactions record from a very scratch.. The block is an encrypted hash proof of work in a computer-intensive process. Miners use certain software that accesses their processing capacity to solve transaction-related algorithms. Algorithms are different for different crypto currencies. In return, they are awarded a certain number of Bitcoins per block. The blockchain prevents attempts to spend a Bitcoin more than once - so that it cant be counterfeited by copy and paste.
To start mining yourself you will have to ask other questions and it is a different story.