The title is not only clickbait, but also utterly wrong.

Block withholding attacks and 51% attacks are two entirely different things.

51% attacks by definition always include the majority hashrate, block withholding attacks not necessarily do.

Granted, block withholding attacks such as selfish mining are at their most effective with the majority hashrate, but then again every attack on PoW is. In the end once a miner achieves majority hashrate they can attack the network whatever way the like, regardless whether they decide to withhold blocks or not.

Apart from attacks on the incentive structure of PoW such as selfish mining, block withholding attacks are usually thwarted by... waiting for confirmations. That is, by using the protocol the way it was meant to be used.

That being said:


So the solution to block withholding attacks is.... federated trust.

...

*slow clap*