It's not good to have an exact algorithm planned out, since then someone could make an ASIC for it in advance.
Then how about a group of developer upload encrypted code of the algorithm? They simply need to decrypt when it's needed.
[...]
That would still require trust in none of the developers leaking the selected algorithm.
Are the rest of the world so far behind with ASIC development or something similar, that they cannot develop something that would be able to compete with the Chinese?
Bitfury's latest ASIC
https://bitfury.com/hardware/asic is pretty competitive with Chinese designs...
But where will they make the chips and assemble the miners for mass production that would make the price more competitive? I believe it will still end up to be "Made in China". Haha.
...just like all GPUs where apparently no one is bothered about where the chips come from. Like I said, I think it's more a question of where the miners are deployed, not where they are produced.
That to me is a slap in the face of the Western world. Trump is saying "Make America great again" and trade restrictions are implemented, but the Chinese still rule the technical manufacturing of complex electronic components.

Where are all the brilliant engineers and scientists of the western world?
Focusing on software, rather than hardware. We live in a globalized society of specialization, so naturally knowledge accumulates where its applied most.
Elon Musk are one of the leaders in electronic manufacturing of components like this... Why are they not stepping up to the plate to fulfil this role?
Because it's apparently neither profitable nor interesting enough.