Same thing here.. Card was undervolted and running 76C core temp.
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75C- 77C. Open crate rig. I don't think it was a temperature issue.
In the last image I can see balls of melted solder.
This is an indication the temperature reached 180 and 190 °C (360 and 370 °F) at some point.
The thing being on fire is a temperature issue! Get a thermometer gun.
