What will happen if my main full node (which has all blocks from blk00000.dat) fails to send valid
data to its peers due to corrupted (for whatever reasons) blk*.dat and/or rev*.dat files?
Nothing will happen.
Your peers will disconnect/ban your misbehaviour node and will try to get valid data from another sources.
(Nodes do not send rev*.dat information to each other. These files are local database files for
updating the current utxo set)
What kind of mechanism applies in bitcoind?
Trust to nobody. Check everything youself. Follow the
white rabbit longest chain.