Are you sure that it's a BitcoinCore or QT wallet.dat? It seems like your node instantly rejects the tx because it's invalid.
There were reports from users who've loaded altcoin wallet.dat to core and successfully viewed the alleged balance but failed to create a valid transaction and resulted with the same error.
Can you post any transaction ID (and its info like sent amount and addresses involved) from the History so that we can verify that it is in the network?
Quoting myself here since OP somehow ignored the fact that it may be an Altcoin wallet.dat that's compatible with Bitcoin core like Litecoin and DogeCoin.
One transaction in the history is enough to tell that it's an altcoin wallet.dat or not (
Forks may be harder to tell though).