... In a few years' time I can imagine that it is computers themselves coming up with these models, and humans struggling to keep up. It's an infinite arms race into the distance really. So long as there is one side attacking and another side defending, it's difficult to see where it will stop - unless there is some fundamental facet of quantum mechanics that provides a final barrier to one or both sides.
To a certain extent I've already seen this starting to happen.

I spend my time dealing with learning algorithms, pattern recognition, sometimes termed AI. Within the process of training these little AI networks, the algorithms produce their own algorithms to then produce the results I'm trying to make them achieve. But at the end of this training, I, "the human", does not understand how the AI decided to produce these final algorithms. Or rather I struggle to find the reasons for its internal organization. I did program it, but my programming is just a crucible I've created to foster the growth of these AI networks. (I have been told by some of my benefactors that I musn't mention this odd behavior of my working networks to others. The higher ups may not like it. But I still find it curious.)
This concept exists throughout the AI algorithms that are currently spreading into almost everywhere it can fit.
...
Getting back to the OP. My first reaction to having read that "someday some quantum computer may break bitcoin", was to think that the commentator doesn't understand "quantum" computers, and doesn't understand that bitcoin is programmable. Regardless, I see it as just a comment to spread fud, to make people think that bitcoin was going to crack under a large enough computer. Its almost as bad as the fud remark that says "any day now bitcoin's creator is going to show up and use his back door to steal your bitcoins". In this case the commentator does not understand what is open source. These sorts of fud remarks will continue to spread until the majority become informed about bitcoin's basics. Until then, its up to us here to continue to teach the rest.