Mining usually requires the users to do work (in BTC mining's case, you need to have mining cards/GPUs and electricity) to produce blocks and then earn coins via that. Example of coins that you can mine would be ETH, some ERC-20 tokens, XRP, BTC predominantly.

Staking, on the other hand, doesn't require you to use your computer or your electricity, it just requires you to have some coins that in turn you would lock up (stake) and then the more coins you have staked, the bigger chance of producing blocks and collecting the block reward.