what kind of catastrophic event are we talking about here that could lead to annihilation of all nodes on earth worldwide that we need a space node?!! and what would we need that if the human race is extinct, or is it just extinction of computers on earth 
I'm talking about a meteor or asteroid hitting the Earth in the future, as many scientists have already predicted. If this happens indeed, then expect to see the Bitcoin network weaken in its entirety like never before. Even Stephen Hawking predicted the extinction of the human race within 100 years in the future. We should be prepared for any catastrophic event, by preserving breakthrough technologies (like Bitcoin + Blockchain tech) as much as we can. With nodes on several planets within the solar system, the Bitcoin blockchain will live forever.
That's a good thought, although like what was mentioned already, the Blockstream satellite is already operational. Also, one does not simply send out a satellite into space without having a special permission as it might interfere with aviation in general, and could be dangerous if left unattended. For deeper launches, it will require tons of money, careful planning and again, coordination with aviation authorities as this might hinder explorations and missions on space. Fascinating as it may all seem but it's tedious to the one who's gonna launch a satellite up there which will serve as a node.
The satellite works as intended but it's not the perfect solution for maintaining redundancy of Blockchain data. Currently, it's transmitting signals to Earth. But I'm not sure, if it can do the same to other planets as well. This may sound like a crazy idea for sure. Still, it's better to be prepared for the worse as no one knows what will happen in the future. As long as Bitcoin is able to live for centuries, then we should have nothing to worry about.
There seems to be some misconceptions here. Communication satellites are launched and operated by different companies/organizations, they let you rent "space" in them. The people running the Bitcoin thing, are simply paying for use of a small bandwidth data stream in various satellites. No one is launching anything here, unless you are Elon Musk...
And as i said earlier, if a catastrophic event occurs, keeping the Bitcoin network alive would be the lesser problem. So what if the "meteor" misses the satellite?, who will remain down to receive the signal?, and, who will keep sending signals to it? No, the satellite is not a running node, the actual node is on Earth beaming it up. You can in theory make a true node inside a satellite, but such thing doesn't exist, and it would need to be fed nonetheless with data from other nodes, meaning, an Earth uplink.
The moon is actually a (natural) satellite, but its not geostationary, like Sputnik was or the imaging satellites that keep doing circles instead of staying parked in a position in sync with Earth surface. It is actually cheaper to put a satellite in orbit than anything on the moon, and much much less laggy (closer).
The distance from ground to orbit is actually much smaller than from surface to the planet's core, i know it was a joke, but not a good one. There is such thing as ultra low frequency communications meant to do exactly that, and its not very quick. I believe submarines still use that. There is also the much simpler and old fashioned "short wave" band, signals that simply bounce of the ionosphere. It lets you pick up radio signals from the opposite side of the planet, without satellites.