I'm sure I followed the steps correctly. It still only works if I run without install. I'm trying to install it onto a USB stick, if that makes any difference.
Your Electurm is installed correctly what you need is to have the icon?
If you want to have a shortcut icon on the desktop you need to follow the guide that I posted above as on the video or do this command below.
touch ~/Desktop/electrum.desktop
nano ~/Desktop/electrum.desktop
# Paste the following code inside the editor, save and close.
[Desktop Entry]
Name=Electrum
Comment=Lightweight Bitcoin Wallet.
GenericName=Bitcoin Wallet.
Exec=/usr/local/bin/electrum
Icon=/opt/electrum/electrum-icon.png
Type=Application
# Download icon for the shortcut
cd /opt/
sudo mkdir -p electrum
cd electrum
sudo wget http://icons.iconarchive.com/icons/alecive/flatwoken/256/Apps-Electrum-icon.png
sudo mv Apps-Electrum-icon.png electrum-icon.png
# Change shortcut permission
chmod +x ~/Desktop/electrum.desktop
# Add shortcut to launcher
sudo cp ~/Desktop/electrum.desktop /usr/share/applications/
Now it should show the shortcut on your desktop.
The method above your post is a guide to install the Electrum it will not help to make a shortcut icon in your desktop launcher. Don't forget to restart your PC/relogin to see the Electrum under desktop launcher.