Unless if that address was published into someone's social media or forum account, you may finally know and track the owner of it. As for IP addresses? The government can request the ISP to track down the owner of the IP address, but not when sending a transaction because it is recorded on the blockchain.

Anyone can create multiple Bitcoin addresses, but they won't disclose all of it. However, if the main address where it was posted publicly in a person's forum or social media account, and was sent to multiple unknown Bitcoin addresses, we can or cannot assume that it's his or owned by someone else.