The problem with launching cudaminer from within screen is an issue with shared library linkage against libcudart.so.
There are at least two ways of solving this. One way is to change the cudaminer build system so that it encodes the shared library location within the executable. To do this, I changed the Makefile so that the linkage looks like this in the two places where -lcudart shows up:
The second way is to hack the Makefile and change cudaminer to link against libcudart_static.a (which is an alternative you can use if you compile with CUDA 5.5).
Using either solution, the problems with screen go away completely and it works as it should:
sphere - johns:/home/johns/cudaminer/mine/src.20140228/CudaMiner-2014-02-28 % screen -dm ./cudaminer --algo=scrypt -C 2 -d "Quadro 6000" -l F28x16 -D --benchmark
sphere - johns:/home/johns/cudaminer/mine/src.20140228/CudaMiner-2014-02-28 % screen -ls
1 Socket in /var/run/screen/S-johns.
I think Christian should be able to change his autoconf stuff to allow either of those approaches without too much difficulty, but for the time being people that care can simply hack the generated Makefile to cure this problem.
...
Hi, Christian
It is impossible to run cudaminer via screen:
screen ./cudaminer
[screen is terminating]
could you try running pooler's cpuminer in screen, and if it terminates too ask for an improvement in his code (pooler's cpuminer has its own thread on bitcointalk). I can then just merge his fixes in

Christian
Christian,
cpuminer versus screen is OK
cudaminer versus screen is not OK
Proof:
root@linux:~# ls -l
total 24
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 5498 mar 4 14:08 bug.txt
drwxr-xr-x 5 root root 4096 mar 4 12:42 cpuminer-master
drwxr-xr-x 7 root root 4096 mar 4 22:57 CudaMiner
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 209 lut 28 20:49 cudaminer.conf
-rw-r--r-- 1 root root 334 mar 3 23:20 README.txt
root@linux:~# cpuminer-master/minerd --benchmark
[2014-03-04 23:12:12] Binding thread 0 to cpu 0
[2014-03-04 23:12:12] Binding thread 1 to cpu 1
[2014-03-04 23:12:12] 2 miner threads started, using 'scrypt' algorithm.
[2014-03-04 23:12:13] thread 0: 4104 hashes, 2.70 khash/s
[2014-03-04 23:12:13] thread 1: 4104 hashes, 2.67 khash/s
[2014-03-04 23:12:13] Total: 5.37 khash/s
^C
root@linux:~# screen -dm cpuminer-master/minerd --benchmark; sleep 1; screen -ls
There is a screen on:
3973..linux (04.03.2014 23:12:31) (Detached)
1 Socket in /var/run/screen/S-root.
root@linux:~# screen -r
[screen is terminating]
root@linux:~# CudaMiner/cudaminer --benchmark
*** CudaMiner for nVidia GPUs by Christian Buchner ***
This is version 2014-02-28 (beta)
based on pooler-cpuminer 2.3.2 (c) 2010 Jeff Garzik, 2012 pooler
Cuda additions Copyright 2013,2014 Christian Buchner
LTC donation address: LKS1WDKGED647msBQfLBHV3Ls8sveGncnm
BTC donation address: 16hJF5mceSojnTD3ZTUDqdRhDyPJzoRakM
YAC donation address: Y87sptDEcpLkLeAuex6qZioDbvy1qXZEj4
[2014-03-04 23:12:51] 1 miner threads started, using 'scrypt' algorithm.
^C
root@linux:~# screen -dm CudaMiner/cudaminer --benchmark; sleep 1; screen -ls
No Sockets found in /var/run/screen/S-root.
root@linux:~# screen -ls
No Sockets found in /var/run/screen/S-root.
root@linux:~#