Do you remember
exactly how you got this address from the Chrome app?

Yes, it displayed it on the screen with a QR code you can also scan. I took a screen shot of it so it is definitely correct.
So, you still have this screenshot?

If you scan it now, does it show the same address?

Anyone got any idea how I can access/retrieve my coins?
Have you tried
IanColeman? If you try this, do it offline from a Live Linux DVD (running from RAM). Don't risk compromising your 24 words by touching an online device.
What would this achieve if Ledger Support insist that my address did not come from either my 24 words or xpub?
Ledger are likely just looking at your seed/xpub and then just using
their standard derivation path's to check what addresses are being generated... it's possible that this came from a slightly different derivation path... in which case, using the Ian Coleman tool would let you experiment with different derivation path's easily.
Also, please learn to use the "quote" tags properly... you're putting your replies in the middle of quotes and it makes it VERY difficult to tell what is your response and what was the original question. If you want to reply "inline"... then you need to use the [ /quote ] tag... then type your reply... then put in a new [ quote] tag so it starts the quote correctly again... Otherwise, just put your answers all at the bottom.