But if the inputs are really not connectable to the outputs could I jam the transaction by using outputs that add up to greater than my inputs?
In this case could anyone work out that it was me that put in the outputs that made the transaction not balance?
No, instead they prevent you from doing that in the first place.
E.g. in the blinded example: When you provide your inputs everyone sees your values, and you specify "this is a blinded X btc output" and they all sign that output with a key which corresponds to X btc, and obviously refuse to do so if your input isn't at least X. Later you reveal your output, and they know its value by which keys signed it.
This isn't to say that implementing any of this is interesting. The state machine to achieve success in all cases ends up very complicated. (This is also why I think that blinded but quasi-centeralized e.g. where a semi trusted party coordinates are probably more interesting for initial deployment).