3 newb questions on bitcoin mining.
First, do all bitcoin miners, regardless of what pool they are attached to, mine the same single block?
Nope, each pool is free to include into candidate block any unconfirmed transaction from its mempool. At any time the content of candidate block which miners mine depends on the pool. There is competition between miners attached to different pool in solving cryptographic puzzle for their own candidate blocks.
Thank you! You uncovered 3 more questions lol, hope you don't mind

The amount in mempool is manually adjustable?
10 minutes later when the next block is mined, are outstanding transactions prohibited from going into the previous block if there is still room?
How will transactions be recorded after the last block is mined in 2140?