What would be the most secure way where my phone or phone number being compromised would not result in my wallet being compromised?
Binance is
not your wallet and you don't hold any keys for that.
This is centralized exchange used for exchanging of Bitcoin with other coins or with fiat, not for holding coins.
2FA I feel is not secure because if someone gets ahold of my phone, then that's not good. And if I lose my phone number, again not good.
Add stronger protection for your phone, always have a backup for your 2FA codes and don't connect it with your phone number.