is there an implementation of Bitcoin Core where I can only download the most recent 2GB of blocks?
Nope. The idea is to trust nobody, hence you (your local wallet software) will verify/validate the whole blockchain to ensure the 2 GB you keep is correct / not tampered.
Furthermore, the pruned blockchain contains data relevant to
your wallet, hence other nodes cannot really give you "filtered" data, since they don't know your addresses.