3) where would the log be? what folder would the program write the log to?
Assuming you don't change location where you store blockchain, it should be at
C:\Users\YOUR_USERNAME\Appdata\Roaming\Bitcoin\debug.log
I have been using Bitcoin Core because unfortunately I have some Bitcoin in my Armory wallet and would love to get Armory up and running so I can get my bitcoin out of there and not have to use Armory anymore. Being a new person, I did not realize that you needed to go through all of this in order for your Bitcoin balance to be displayed prior to sending coins to my armory wallet
I also recommend what @LoyceV and @hosseinimr93 said, you could use SPV wallet such as Electrum which is easier to use.