Hi there,
I would recommend this book to get started: read and reread these 100 pages before you deep-dive into broad topics
http://themlbook.com/- Supervised and unsupervised learning,
- Support vector machines,
- Neural networks,
- Ensemble methods,
- Gradient descent,
- Cluster analysis and dimensionality reduction,
- Autoencoders and transfer learning,
- Feature engineering and hyperparameter tuning
All the best!!