like say I have address X, and with only knowing that, would it be possible to see all addresses or even know a possible master public key?
No
Could it be possible at all to recover a master xpub from just 1 address?
No
Master public key can be used to generate its bitcoin addresses. This is used in watch-only wallet. But with master public key, you can not spend using the wallet. To spend, you need the master private key.
You can not use addresses to know master public key.
To make this simple for you in brief. Seed phrase can generate the seed, the seed can generate the master private key, the master private key can generate the child keys (child private key and the child public key), individual child key can generate its corresponding address.
To know more:
https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook/blob/develop/ch05.asciidoc