Thank you all for the useful advice. I'm working through that right now.
Maybe OP wanted to say he want to run pruned node.
In fact, I don't know exactly what a full node is. In the meantime I have done some more research and I think the option "blocksonly" does what I want (only download blocks and ignore unconfirmed transaction). I would like to limit the network traffic for the time being.
And now maybe another stupid question: The Bitcoin Daemon doesn't do any mining? I haven't found any option with which I can switch off mining. As far as I understand, the mining software runs separately and only uses the Bitcoin Daemon to communicate with the network. Is my understanding correct? In that case, there would be nothing else for me to do at this point, because I don't want to mine.