I don't remember if there's any website which make you learn programming through coding practice. But since you have math, programming and CS background, i believe Mastering Bitcoin[1] is perfect fit for you. Jameson Lopp also have list about technical Bitcoin resources[2], although most of those makes you read book or documentation.

[1] https://github.com/bitcoinbook/bitcoinbook
[2] https://www.lopp.net/bitcoin-information/technical-resources.html