What will happen when only large institutions can afford to use Bitcoin's blockchain, due to rising fees?
Transaction costs will always rise and fall, no balance regarding transaction costs? In fact, it is not only large institutions that are able to use Bitcoin because there are many individual people who have done it and even I myself have been charged large fees when making transactions.
Won't this centralize the network if most can only trade bitcoin on centralized exchanges?
Satoshi never created a centralized bitcoin and that is not the concept of bitcoin because the development carried out on bitcoin was decentralized. The relationship with the exchanges that people use is a choice of paths and certainly cannot be said to be completely centralized. If people don't want to incur large fees then they should wait for cheaper transactions and usually when transactions are not too busy then fees will go down.