It's our abilities to deal with obstacles and hard things setbacks and much more in our lifes.
Also in some point the LEVEL OF HARD or EASY wich we choose knowingly or quite accidently.
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So person who been in hardest situations like near life death or fighting their life or struggling hard If you give them better conditions better surroundings then yes this kind of person is the next CEO and business people and hard workers.
Your huge post, somewhat reminiscent of conversations from the series about the life of Prince Siddhartha Gautama, can be summarized briefly: stop thinking that the world revolves around you. Look around and then you will immediately see that you are not as unhappy or unlucky as you thought. People tend to take their current situation for granted and constantly look at those who are in a better position. Then you should thank God for what you have now.
As for hypotheses about a person's potential, if he were in different conditions, these are just assumptions. Everyone is in the conditions in which they must prove themselves in one way or another.