I'm not sure what you are missing. Did you install build-essential and boost-all-dev?
Yep, build-essential and libboost-all-dev are there. Tried also the older(?) repo at
https://github.com/bitmonero-project/bitmonero, same problem.
Does not make sense that this file would be missing:
-- Looking for include file pthread.h - not found
Does it exist on your system? It should be in /usr/include/pthread.h