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What about partitions? Some people add swap partitions and some don't. There's also the discussion of if the boot partition should be encrypted too. I believe VeraCrypt encrypted the boot partition too when you did FDE, but default settings on these Linux wizards I believe they don't encrypt the boot partition. That just would be to make sure all partitions are encrypted.
I'm not familiar with how VeraCrypt works. But whether you use VeraCrypt or dm-crypt (LUKS), you'll need at least one non-encrypted partition used to boot by your computer and decrypt other partition.
On the screenshot, it talks about a partition, but I assume since it says sda and not sda1, or sda2 etc.. that means it's referring to the entire disk that is being encrypted?
I don't know, since i rely on guided partitioning.
As far as the speeds, they seem decent enough I guess, aes is the clear winner. I assume 256b key is enough and 512b isn't needed.
And AES is also widely used. But make sure to perform benchmark on your computer, since the encrypt/decrypt speed depends on your CPU.