Technically speaking, there isnt actually a limit to the number of Bitcoin addresses of any type that can be derived from a single seed phrase. The HD wallet structure with a standard like BIP32 allows for the generation of a very large number of unique keys and addresses from a single root seed.

I believe the limit OP is encountering is not a fundamental limitation of Bitcoin or HD wallets. Instead it's a Gap limit by Trezor.

To efficiently scan for used addresses when you restore a wallet or kinda resync , most wallets usually have a gap limit , which means the wallet will generate and check a certain number of consecutive unused addresses. If it encounters a number of unused addresses exceeding this limit  it assumes there are no more used addresses in that branch of the derivation path and stops scanning.