If I install a really old Bitcoin Core on old pc with Windows XP (offline), set the system clock to 2010, could it trick the software into generating the same address/private key as an early miner's wallet (e.g., one that mined 50 BTC in 2010 and lost his wallet

)?
No.
Every transaction is in the blockchain. You cannot insert an early transaction of 50 btc in the past.
You will just generate an address with zero balance. At most, you can create a legacy format address, which starts with 1. The old format of address