Premarket is not what many people think it is. It is so risky to the extent that those that bought the coins before listing will lose.
It is indeed very risky, but if we compare it to the beginning of the Pre-Market, the current volume is smaller. This indicates after many TON tokens were premarket and failed, also changes in the listing price of several tokens also had a big impact.
The list you made simply represents different ways people invest in new projects so it will be wrong to state that the method of investment failed because it is actually the project themselves that failed. There have been successful projects that launched through each of the methods you mentioned. Therefore, blame those shitcoins and not the method through which people invested in those projects.
Here's why I consider it a fail, because with various ways that have been done to offer token sales that are considered valid and minimize the risk of scams, in reality there are still more scams. That's why I said that 60% failed. some projects make an innovation with doxxed dev, it turns out that KYC dev can still be manipulated.