For a country or an individual that is self sufficient and economically intelligent, borrowing does not occur for them even in crisis situation, not bad to get a support, but borrowing definitely do more harm than good most especially those credits that come with high growing interests.
Many of these are rich people but they do borrow money actually. It is just that they don't use it for emergency situations or personal spending, rather they use it to start or upgrade an existing business. There is only a risk with it but there will always be that will be successful, so it may be worth a try and see if you are one of it.
The best thing in this situation to avoid borrowing is to have an emergency founds a d multiple cash flows, so countries and individuals need to be more productive to avoid unwanted borrowing that eat up their savings and revenues in the long term.
If we are productive, we can do overtime and that increases our salary. This is for those who have a fixed time but for those who do free lance work, they can cater more gigs and earn more. Having an emergency fund is like having a saving. And to make it possible, one should practice being frugal. We also need this trait on the other or the ones that I wrote earlier on my first sentence for it to have a sense.