There is "freeze coin" feature in Electrum. And you can do a similar thing in Bitcoin Core. For example:
Yes, that's actually exactly the opposite of what I'm proposing: you manually blacklist coins instead of whitelisting them. If you know about Bitcoin the freeze coin feature is quite cool, but you already must suspect an UTXO is part of an attack, so I think the whitelist method is "safer" for non-technical Bitcoiners.
In reality, all what Electrum devs would need to change is (if this feature is activated) to freeze all incoming coins automatically until they're whitelisted or come from a whitelisted address.
So now it is like you want to whitelist transactions without need of knowing where it comes from, just basing on the transaction amount. If it is a figure that matches your settings and definitions of a dust transaction, your wallet software with your customization will freeze it.
That's how the Wasabi wallet feature mentioned by @Kruw above works. My proposal is still different: all coins not coming from either 1) a whitelisted address or 2) a whitelisted transaction (all of them can be whitelisted at any time) are automatically frozen until the user chooses to un-freeze them.